,e;jpa mg;Ngh];jyd; rhJ Re;jH rpq;
1889 - 1929
nkd;ikahd MilapD}Nl gdpf; FspuhdJ gha;e;J nfhz;bue;jJ. fw;fSk; Kl;fSk; mtuJ fhy;fisf; fpopj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jd. vd;whYk; gdpahy; %ba kiyfs;kPJ mtH ele;J nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhH. mtUila ,uj;jk; frpAk; ghjq;fs; mtUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ntz;ikahd gdpapd;kPJ mbr;Rtl;il Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;bUe;jd. xuplj;jpy; mtH cl;fhHe;J jd; fhy;fspd; Gz;fisf; fl;l Muk;gpj;jhH. mt;topNa mtUf;Fg; gpd;dhf te;j xUtH mtiug; ghHj;J epd;W mtNuhL Ngr Muk;gpj;jhH. Iah vg;gb ,Uf;fpwPHfs;? vd;W Nfl;lhH. mjw;F vd;Dila mUik ,ul;rfuhk; ,NaR fpwp];Jtpy; ehd; kfpo;r;rpahf ,Uf;fpNwd; vd;W rhJ re;jH rpq; gjpy; $wpdhH.
Vd; ePq;fs; ,uj;jk; frpAk; ntWk; fhy;fshy; kiykPJ ,t;tpjkhfg; gazk;nra;aNtz;Lk;?
fy;thup rpYitapNy jk; fhy;fspy; ,uj;jk; rpe;jpd mtiu kf;fSf;Ff; fhz;gpg;gjw;fhf ,t;tpjkhfr; nry;fpNwd; vd;W gjpyspj;jhH.
rpYitapy; miwAz;l ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; ew;nra;jpia jpngj; ehl;bw;F ,d;Dk; Mz;ltiug; gw;wpf; Nfs;tpg;gl;buhj ,lq;fSf;Fk; vLj;jr; nry;tjw;fhfj; jdf;Ff; fpilj;j nja;tPf miog;ig rhJ Re;jH rpq; KOtJk; ek;gp mijr; nray;gLj;jpdhH.
,sikg; gUtk;
rhJ Re;jH rpq; vd;W nghJthf miof;fg;gLk; Re;jH rpq; 1889k; Mz;L nrg;nlk;gH khjk; 3k; Njjp gQ;rhg; khrpyj;jpy; cs;s uhk;g+H vd;w ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhH. ,tH ngw;NwhH rPf;fpa khHf;fj;ijr; Nrhe;jtHfsha; ,Ue;jdH. mtUila jhahH kj ek;gpf;ifapy; kpfTk; gf;jp epiwe;jtuha; ,Ue;jhH. fhiyapy; Re;jH vOe;j clNd Kjd; Kjyhfj; Njitahd Neuj;ijf; flTsplj;jpy; gpuhHj;jid nra;tjpy; nrytopf;fNtz;Lk; vd;Wk;> mjd; %yk; Md;kPf Mfhuj;ijAk; MrpfisAk; ngw;W mjd; gpd;dNu mtH fhiy Mfhuj;ij cz;zNtz;Lk; vd;W mtuJ jha; kpfTk; typAWj;jpdhH. jd; kfid kpfTk; mjpfkhf Nerpj;jjpdhy; jd;Dila kfDk; jq;fSila khHf;fj;ij mjpfkhf Nerpj;J mjpNy xU gf;jp epiwe;j rhJthf khwNtz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhH. ,sikg; gUtj;jpypUe;Nj Re;jH ,e;J khHf;fj;jpd; Gdpj E}y;fis> Fwpg;ghf gftj; fPijia Mo;e;J gbj;jhH. mtH VO tajhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mij kdg;ghlk; nra;aTk; Muk;gpj;jhH. mtUf;F kpfTk; mUikahf ,Ue;j xU ez;gdpd; kiwT Gwkj;jpd; Gdpjg; gj;jfq;fisg; gbf;Fk;gb J}z;bw;W. mNef rkaq;fspy; tPl;by; midtUk; epj;jpiuf;Fr; nrd;wgpd;G rPf;fpaHfspd; Gdpj Gj;jfkhfpa fpue;jj;ijNah> my;yJ ,e;J kj E}y;fisNah my;yJ K];yPk;fSila FuhidNah mtH El;gkhfg; gbg;ghH. Mtpf;Fupa tho;f;ifapy; jpUg;jp fhzNtz;Lk; vd;Dk; thQ;ir Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fSf;F cz;L. mNj thQ;ir Re;jiuAk; gw;wpf;nfhz;lJ.
IPtpf;Fk; fpwp];Jitr; re;jpj;jy;
Re;jH gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j fpuhkj;J kprd; gs;spf;$lj;jpy;jhd; Kjd; Kjyhf mtUf;Ff; fpwp];J khHf;fj;NjhL njhlHG Vw;gl;lJ. NtjGj;jfj;jpypUe;J trdj;ij thrpf;fr;nrhd;dNghJ mtUila cs;sk; mij vjpHj;Jf; FKwpaJ. Gjpa Vw;ghl;ilg; gfpuq;fkhf; fpopj;J vwpe;jjpd;%yk; fpwp];J khHf;fj;jpid vjpHf;Fk; vy;yh khztHfSf;Fk; mtH jiytuhdhH. tpiutpy; mtH me;j kprd; gs;spf;$lj;ij tpl;L muR gs;spf;$lj;jpy; Ngha;r; NrHe;jhH. NkYk; njhlHe;J fpwp];J khHf;fj;ijAk; fpwp];jt tpRthrj;ijAk; mtH Mokhff; fz;bj;jhH. gy rkaq;fspy; njUtpy; my;yJ jpwe;j ntspapy; epd;W gpurq;fpf;Fk; kprdwpkhHfs; kPJ fw;fisNah my;yJ Nrw;iwNah vLj;J tPRk;gbahf KulHfis mth J}z;btpLtJk; cz;L. mJkl;Lky;yhky; mtH Gjpa Vw;ghl;il gfpuq;fkhfg; gyh Kd;dpiyapy; jPapl;Lf; nfhSj;jpaJk; cz;L. fpwp];jt khHf;fj;ijAk; vjpHj;Jg; NghuhbdhH. mjdhy; mtUila ,Uaj;jpy; Fog;gKk; mikjpapd;ikAk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,Wjpapy; mtH Ntjj;ij thrpf;f Muk;gpj;jhH.
cz;ikahd rkhjhdj;ijf; fz;Lgpbf;fNtz;Lk; my;yJ jd; tPl;bd; gf;fj;jpy; fle;J nry;Yk; uapy; Kd; tpOe;J capiu kha;j;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;W cWjpG+z;lhH. xUehs; mjpfhiy %d;W kzpf;nfy;yhk; mtH vOe;jhH. Fspj;J tpl;L flTNs> cz;ikahd flts; xUtH cz;L vd;why; ck;ik vdf;Ff; fhz;gpAk;> ,ul;rpg;gpw;F cupa topiaAk; rhe;jpiaAk; ePH vdf;Fj; juNtz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;yp mtH nIgpf;f Muk;gpj;jhH. clNd me;j miwapy; xU Ngnuhsp tPrpaJ. mjpy; mtH kpfTk; ntWj;J te;j ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; rhaiyf; fz;lhH. mtH jkJ Mzpfs; gha;e;j fuj;ijr; Re;jUf;Ff; fhz;gpj;J eP Vd; vd;idj; Jd;gg;gLj;Jfpwha;? ehd; cd;Dila ,ul;rfH vd;W nrhd;dhH. ,g;nghONj Re;jupd; ,jak; khngUk; kfpo;r;rpapdhy; epuk;gpaJ. mJtiuapy; jd; tho;f;ifapy; ehb jtpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j Mtpf;Fupa jhfKk; jzpe;jij mtH czHe;jhH. mtH tho;f;if KOtJk; khwpaJ. mtH mile;j ,e;j kfj;jhd gutrkhd mDgtj;jpypUe;J mtiur; re;Njfg;gl itf;fNth my;yJ khw;wNth ahuhYk; Kbatpy;iy.
Jd;gg;gLtjw;fhf miog;G
,t;tpjkhd ,e;jg; Gjpa mDgtj;ijg; ngw;w Re;jH cldbahf jdJ je;ijaplk; nrd;W jhd; xU fpwp];jtdhfp tpl;lijf; $wpdhH. mtUila je;ij ,ij Kjypy; ek;gtpy;iy. Mdhy; gpwF mtUila FLk;gk; KOtJNk Re;jH fpwp];jtdhf khWtjw;F vLj;j jPHkhdj;ijf; fz;L mjpHr;rpAw;wJ. jd;Dila jhahupd; khHf;fj;jpw;F ve;j tpjkhd fsq;fKK; Vw;gLj;jptplf;$lhJ vd;W Re;jiu mtuJ je;ijahH kpfTk; mjpfkhff; nfQ;rpf; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhH. mtUila nry;te;juhd khkh xUtH jd;Dila ngupa khspiff;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W mq;Nf Ftpay; Ftpayhf itf;fg;gl;l gzj;ijAk;> ituj;ijAk;> gytpjkhd tpiyAaHe;j fw;fisAk; mtUf;Ff; fhl;bdhH. Re;jH Gjpjhf Vw;wpUf;fpw ,e;j tpRthrj;ijf; iftpLtjhdhy; Vw;wpUf;fpw ,e;j tpRthrj;ijf; iftpLthuhdhy; ,it vy;yhk; nfhLg;gjhf $wpdhH. Mdhy; ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; md;G kpfTk; typikAld; Mokhf ,Ue;jJ. Re;jupd; ,Ujak; ,NaRit kWjypf;ftpy;iy. Re;jH tPl;il tpl;Lj; Juj;jg;gl;lhH. cz;gjw;Nfh czNth> jq;Ftjw;F ciwtplNkh ,y;iy. xU kuj;jpd; mbapy; jq;fpdhH. gpwF kPz;Lk; mtH tPl;bw;Fs; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhH. Mdhy; tPl;Lf;F ntspapy; itj;J czT nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. jho;j;jg;gl;l Ntiy Ml;fNshL mtH jq;Ftjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhH. ,NaR fpwp];JTf;fhf ,dp njhlHe;J mtH mDgtpf;fg;Nghfpw ghLfSf;F ,J Muk;g fl;lkhFk;. vd;whYk; kdjpNy gupg+uz kfpo;r;rpNahL jdJ ehafuhk; ,NaR fpwp];JTf;fhf vijAk; nghWikNahL Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhH. filrpahf eQ;R nfhLf;fg;gl;L tPlbypUe;Nj Juj;jg;gl;L Neha;tha;g;gl;lhH. ,wf;Fk; epiyiaAk; mile;jhH. vd;whYk; mtuplk; md;Gnfhz;l Mz;ltH jk; rpj;jj;ijr; Re;jupNy epiwNtw;w kuzg; gpbapypUe;J tpLtpj;jhH.
,e;jf; nfhb NehapypUe;J Re;jH tpLgl;lhH. ,tH Y}jpahdhtpy; ,Ue;j kprdwpfsplj;jpy; nrd;W mtHfNshL jq;fpdhH. Ntjtrdq;fisf; fw;f Muk;gpj;jhH. Re;jH jk; 16k; gpwe;j jpdj;jd;W rpk;yh efuj;jpy; Qhd];ehdk; ngw;whH. Mokhd rpe;jidf;Fk; cWjpahd nIgj;jpw;Fk; gpd;dH rhJ Re;jH rpq; jd;idg; gupg+uzkhf fpwp];Jtpd; fuj;jpy; mHg;gzpj;jhH. mtH xU fpwp];jt rhJthf khwpdhH. jdpg;gl;l KiwapNy jdf;Fr; nrhe;jk; vd;W itj;jpUf;f cilikfs;> jd;Dila Gj;jfq;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; tpl;Ltpl;L mtH fhtpcil mzpe;Jnfhz;lhH. ntWk; fhy;fNshLk; ifapy; Ve;jpa NtjGj;jfj;jpd; gFjpahd Gjpa Vw;ghl;NlhLk; ve;jtpjkhd kdpjupd; cjtpAk; ,y;yhj epiyikapy; jd;id Ml;nfhz;l fpwp];JTf;fh mtH Gwg;gl;Lr; nrd;whH.
ehNdh ek;Kila fHj;juhfpa ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; rpYitiaf; Fwpj;Njay;yhky; Ntnwhd;iwAq;Fwpj;J Nkd;ik ghuhl;lhjpUg;Ngdhf. mtuhy; cyfk; vdf;Fr; rpYitapy; miwag;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ehDk; cyfj;jpw;Fr; rpYitapyiwag;gl;bUf;fpNwd; (fyh.6:14) vd;w trdj;ijj; jd;Dila tho;f;ifapy; Fwpf;Nfhshf mtH Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhH. vd;kPJ cs;s md;gpdhy; ,NaR fpwp];J jk;ikj; jpahfk; gz;zpdhH. mijg; NghyNt ehDk; ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd;Nky; cs;s vd;Dila md;gpdhy; vd;idj; jpahfk; nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;W mbf;fb $WtJ cz;L.
Re;jH xU rhJ
jdJ thypgj;jpd; Jtf;fj;jpy; Re;jH jdJ vIkhdhfpa ,NaR fpwp];JTf;fhfg; gl;bdp> FspH> RftPdk;> kw;Wk; rpiwthrj;ijAq;$l mDgtpj;J tpl;lhH. jdJ vIkhdpd; md;igg; Nfl;buhj kf;fSf;F mjid mwptpf;Fk;gb mtH Mz;LNjhWk; gQ;rhg;> fh];kPH> Mg;fhdp];jhd;> Neghsk;> jpngj; Mfpa ,lq;fSf;F kiyfs;> fhLfs; topahfj; jd;de;jdpahfg; gpuahzk; nra;jhH. gy Ntisfpsy; gif> vjpHg;G ,tw;iwr; re;jpj;jJz;L. grpNahL tpul;lg;gl;l epyikapy; mtH fhLfSf;F cs;shfr; nrd;W mq;Nf jq;FtH cz;L. FspHe;j fhw;wpw;Fk; kiof;Fk; jd;idj; jg;gtpg;gjw;fhff; fhLfspNy cs;s Fiffspy; mtH jq;FtJ cz;L. gy Ntisfspy; mtH jhd; jq;fapUf;Fk; Fiffisf; fhl;L kpUfq;fNshL gfpHe;J nfhs;tJk; cz;L. xUehs; fhiyapy; xU rpWj;ij jhd; jq;fpapUe;j Fifapy; jdf;Fr; rkPgj;jpy; cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gij mtH ghHj;jhH. kw;nwhU Kiw xU Ntq;ifg;GypNahL$l mtH gLj;J cwq;fpaijAk; mwpe;jhH. xU ehs; mjpfhiyapy; jd;Dila NghHitapd; fPNo VNjh xd;W ,Ug;gJNghy> czHe;j mtH mJ vd;d vd;W ghHj;jNghJ> Fspuhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l xU ngupa ey;y ghk;G mdy; ngWtjw;fhf mtNuhL$lg; gLj;jpUe;jijAk; mwpe;jhH. ,kakiyg; gFjpfspy; cs;s fztha; topahfg; gpuahzk;gz;ZtJ vd;whYk; mtH vg;NghJNk ntWq;fhy;fNshLjhd; jd; gpuahzj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhH. mdgbapdhy;> fw;fs;> gdpf;fl;bfs; Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; mtH fhy;fs; fpopf;fg;gl;L mtH fhy;fspy; ,ue;J ,uj;jk; frpe;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. MfNt mtH ,uj;jk; frpAk; fhy;fis cila mg;Ngh];jyd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhH.
gy Ntisfspy; gytpjkhd Kiwfspy; mtH Jd;gg;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJk;> mtH kfpo;r;rpNahLk; nghWg;NghLk; ,Ug;gijf; fz;l mNefH mtUila ew;nra;jpia Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kd;te;jdH. xU rkak; xU fpuhkj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W mq;fpUe;j kuj;jbapy; cl;fhHe;J ghly;fs; ghl Muk;gpj;jhH. mjp rPf;fpuj;jpy; xU ngupa $l;lk; $btpl;lJ. Mdhy; mtH ,NaR fpwp];Jitg; gw;wp mq;F NgRtijf; Nfl;l clNd me;jf; $l;lk; mtHNky; Nfhgk; nfhz;lJ. mf;$l;lj;jpy; F&g;guhk; vd;w xUtd; kpfTk; %Hf;fk;nfhz;L> rhJitg; gykhfj; jhf;fpdgbapdhy; mtH cl;fhHe;jpUe;j ,lj;jpypUe;J fPNo tpOe;jhH. mtH iffSk;> KfKk; > fd;dq;fSk; fPNo fple;j ghiwfspdhy; fhag;gl;L ,uj;jk; frpa Muk;gpj;jJ. vd;whYk; kpfTk; rhe;jkhf mtH vOe;J me;j kf;fspd; kd;dpg;Gf;fh nIgk;nra;J tpl;L> kWgbAk; Mz;ltupd; md;igg; gw;wpf; $w Muk;gpj;jhH. ,tuJ rhe;jk; F&g;guhk; vd;gtid Mokhfj; njhl;lJ. gpd;G mtd; xU tpRthrpahf khwpdhd;.
nfhs;isf;fhudpd; ciwtplkhd xU fhl;bid xUKiw Re;ju; rpq; fle;J nry;y Neupl;lJ. jPbnud;W mtiu Nehf;fp jpUlH ehy;tH gha;e;J te;jdH. xUtd; ifapNy $Hikahd fj;jpia itj;jpUe;jhd;. jdf;F KbT te;Jtpl;lJ vd;W vz;zpa Re;jH nksdkhf nIgpf;f Muk;gpj;jhH. ,t;tpjkhf mtH nIgpg;gijf; fz;l mtd; mr;rupag;gl;L mtH ahH vd;W tprhupj;jhd;. jhd; xU fpwp];jt rhJ vd;whH. mj;Jld; jd;Dila ifapy; cs;s Gjpa Vw;ghl;ilj; jpwe;J IRtupathd;> yhrU gw;wp vOjpapUf;fpw gFjpia thrpj;J tpsf;fpdhH. fj;jpNahL mtiu neUq;fpa me;j kdpjdpy; Mokhd ght czHT Vw;gl;lJ. mtd; Re;jiuj; jdJ Fiff;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W mq;F mtd; nfhd;W Ftpj;jpUe;j kdpjHfspd; vYk;Gf;$Lfis mtUf;Ff; fhz;gpj;J> ,j;jid nfhiyfSf;Fk; jhd;jhd; nghWg;G vd;W Jf;fj;NjhL $wpdhd;. Re;jH ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; %ykhf mtDf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dpg;gpid Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;gbahff; $wp mtid ,ul;rpg;gpw;Fs; elj;jpdhH.
jpngj; ehl;by; Re;jH
fpwp];JitNa Nfs;tpg;gl;buhj fbdkhd mghak; epiwe;j ,lq;fSf;nfy;yhk; Re;jH jPHkhdj;JlDk; ijupaj;JlDk; nrd;whH. mtUila ,UjaKk; vz;zKk; jpngj;jpd;Nky;jhd; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ. Nga;fSf;fg; gag;gLtjpYk;> gpy;yp R+dpaq;fs; nra;tjpYk;> gy %lek;gpf;iffspYk; jpngj; %o;fpapUe;jJ. yhkhf;fs; vd;w kjj;jiytHfshy; jpngj; ehl;bd; Vio kf;fs; mjpfkhf xLf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. jpngj; kf;fs; Gj;j khHf;fj;ijj; jOtpathfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;. gytpjkhd nIgq;fs; vOjg;gl;bUe;j rf;fuq;fisr; Rw;WtJk;> nIgq;fs; vOjg;gl;bUe;j nfhbfisf; fhw;wpNy gwf;f tpLtJNkjhd; mtHfs; nIgpg;gjw;Fupa xNu top vd;W vz;zpdH. ,tHfs; xUNghJk; ,NaR fpwp];Jitg; gw;wpf; Nfs;tpg;glhjtHfs;. MfNt Re;jH gyKiw jpngj; ehl;bw;Fr; nrd;whH. xUKiw fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 16 000 mb cauk; cs;s FspH epiwe;j xuplj;jpy; jpwe;j ntspapy; gLj;J cwq;f Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
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